Chemistry (Redox)

Experiment 1 Redox Titration Using Sodium Thiosulphate synopsis This experiment is to determine the submergence of oxidizing ancestor utilise the atomic number 53/ thiosulphate titration where the reduce ancestor is thou iodate solvent and the oxidizing effect is sodium thiosulphate solution. Potassium iodate solution which is an oxidizing means is added into an excess solution of supermanified potassium iodide. This reaction will electric discharge ace. Potassium iodide is acidified with sulphuric acid and the tincture of iodin released quickly titrated with sodium thiosulphate until it set about light yellow.The iodine then detected with amylum solution and it knock over into dark blue solution and titrated again with sodium thiosulphate until intensityless. From the reaction occur, the make out of the iodine provoke be determined and based on this amount, the preoccupation of oxidizing agent which released iodine can be determined. Introduction Redox titrati on using sodium thiosulphate as a reducing agent is also know as iodometric titration. The reaction is- I2(aq) + 2NA2S2O3(aq) 2Nal(aq) + 2Na2S4O6(aq) I2(aq) + 2S2O32-(aq)2I-(aq) + S4O62-(aq) In this equivalence, I2 has been reduced to I- S2O32-(aq)S4O62-(aq) + 2e- I2(aq) + 2e- 2I-(aq) The iodine/ thiosulphate titration is a oecumenical method for determining the intentness of oxidizing solution. A know volume of an oxidizing agent is added into an excess solution of acidified potassium iodide. The reaction will release iodine- Example a. With KMnO4 2MnO4-(aq) + 16H+ (aq)+ 10I-(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 5I2(aq) + 8H2O(I) b. With KIO3 O3-(aq) + 5I-(aq) + 6H (aq) 3I2(aq) + 3H2O(aq) The iodine that is released is titrated with a pattern thiosulphate solution.From the stoichiometry of the reaction, the amount of iodine can be determined and from this the concentration of the oxidizing agent, which released the iodine, can be calculated. Aims a. To prep atomic number 18 a standard solution of p otassium iodate use in determining the concentration of a sodium thiosulphate solution accurately. b. To learn the proper technique for titration. surmise In an iodometric titration, starch solution is used as an indicator as it absorbs the iodine that is released. This absorption will cause the solution to variety show to a dark blue blazon.When this dark blue solution is titrated with the standard thiosulphate, iodine will react with the thiosulphate solution, the dark blue will disappear. So the eradicate point of the titration is when the dark blue solour disappear. It is difficult for iodine to ignore in pissing. one is usually dissolves in water by adding an excess of KI so that KI3, which has similar properties to iodine, is formed. I2(aq) + KI(aq)KI3 .I3-(aq) + 2e-3I-(aq) APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS 50-mL beaker250-mL volumetric flaskful Glass rodBurette 25-mL pipettePipette makeweight 3 ? 250-mL conelike flaskMagnetic fleaPotassium iodate crystals (KIO3)Potassium iodid e (KI) 1M H2SO4Starch solution ca. 0. 1M sodium thiosulphate solution Level of miniscus tress the stopcock in against the taper each time you turn it. A sheet of white paper or towel below the flask will help in recognizing the rubric change at the cobblers last point. Swirl the flask continuosly until one drop of titrant causes a colour change throughout the entire solution. Swirl the flask continuously until the drop of titrant causes a colour change throughout the entire solution. METHODOLOGY A. Preparation of potassium iodate solution . 0. 75 g of potassium iodate crystals is weighed accurately in 50-mL beaker. 2. 25 mL distilled water are added into beaker and steamy with glass rod to dissolve all the potassium iodate. 3. The potassium iodate solution is poured into a 250-mL volumetric flask. The beaker is rinsed with distilled water and the washings are poured into the volumetric flask. 4. Distilled water is added to the volumetric flask up to the have level. The volumet ric flask is stoppered and shook well in coiffe to get a homogeneous solution. B. Standardization of 0. M sodium thiosulphate solution 1. A burette is filled with the 0. 1M sodium thiosulphate solution to be standardized. in that respect are no air bubbles in the burette. 2. The initial reading of the burette is recorded in table 1. 1. 3. 25-mL of standard potassium iodate solution prompt in part A are pipetted into a 250-mL conical flask and a magnetic flea is added into conical flask. 4. 1 g of potassium iodide, KI, is weighed slightly and it is placed in a 50-mL beaker. 5. 10. 0 mL of 1. 0M sulphuric acid solution are added and are swirled until all the KI dissolved. . This solution is added to the conical flask containing the potassium iodate solution and it is immediately titrated with the sodium thiosulphate solution, while it is stirred using a stirrer hot plate, until a ligth yellow solution is obtained. Then, the solution is diluted with distilled water until the total volume is about ampere-second mL. Then, 1. 0 mL of starch solution is added and the titration is continued until the blue colour disappears and the solution become colourless. . The final reading of the burette is recorded in the table 1. 1 . The procedures are repeated twice as the results is more(prenominal) accurate. CALCULATIONS 1. Complete chemical reaction equation for reaction between i. iodate and iodide ions, IO3- + 5I-+ 6H+ 3I2 + 3H2O ii. iodine and thiosulphate ions, I2 + S2 O32- 2I- + S4O62-? 3 3I2 + 6S2 O32- 6I- + 3S4O62- 2. Calculate the jettyarity of the KIO3 solution. Mass of KIO3 = 0. 75 g peck of KIO3 = 250 mL Relative groynecular mass of KIO3, = 39. 0983+126. 9045+3(15. 994) = 214. 001 g mol-1 Number of rampart KIO3, = 0. 75 g ? 214. 001 g mol-1 = 0. 0035 mol Thus, thou of KIO3, = 0. 0035 mol ? 0. 25 L = 0. 014 mol L-1 3. The mole ratio between the iodate and thiosulphate ions is determine from the equation given are IO3- + 5I-+ 6H+ 3I2 + 3H2O I2 + S 2 O32- 2I- + S4O62-? 3 3I2 + 6S2O32- 6I- + 3S4O62- IO- 6S4O62- 16 4. The molarity of the sodium thiosulphate bM1V1 = aM2V2 6(0. 014)(0. 50) = 1(M2)(0. 021) M2= 2 M2= 0. 0210. 0211 = 0. 995 mol 5. The molarity of potassium iodide solution IO3- + 5I-+ 6H+ 3I2 + 3H2O Moles of KI- = 1g ? 1 mole of KI39+127 Molarity of KI3 = aM2V2bV2 = 1(21. 14100L)(0. 1008M)6101000L =0. 0355 M KIO3 Moles of KI3 = MV1000 =0. 003? 101000 =0. 00036 mol KIO3 Excess mole of I- = 0. 0060 0. 0018 =0. 0042 mol I- 0. 0060 mol0. 0042 mol = 250 mlx X =17. 5 mL 3I2 + 6S2O32- 6I- + 3S4O62- Ratio of iodide to thiosulphate 5 6 bM1V1 = aM2V2 Molarity of KI = 50. 1008g(21. 141000l)6(17. 51000l) =0. 1014 M KI DISCUSSIONRedox titration using sodium thiosulphate is also known as iodometric titration. Sodium thiosulphate acts as reducing agent an at the aforementioned(prenominal) time it undergoes oxidation and release electron. In this titration, potassium iodate, KIO3, is used as an oxidizing agent. Potassium iodate solution is added into an excess solution of acidified potassium. This reaction release iodine. Iodine reacts with sodium thiosulphate. The reaction is I2 (aq) + 2Na2S2O3 (aq) 2NaI (aq) +Na2S4O6 (aq) I2 (aq) + 2S2O32- (aq) 2I- (aq) + N4O62- (aq)In this equation I2 has been reduced to I- 2S2O32- (aq) S4O62- (aq) + 2e- I2 (aq) + 2e- 2I- (aq) In this iodometric titration, we use starch solution as an indicator as it absorbs the iodine that is released. The absorption causes the solution to change to dark blue colour. When the dark blue solution is titrated with the standard thiosulphate, iodine react with the thiosulphate solution. When all the iodine has reacted with the thiosulphate solution, the dark blue colour disappear. So, it is the end point of the titration when the dark blue colour disappear.However, there are a few aspects that need to be considered during the experiment. Firstly, the indicator should only be added after the titration has begun. This is because it is difficu lt to release the iodine while titrating with the thiosulphate. This will preserve the end point. Hence, the addition of the starch should only be done when the colour of the solution is light yellow. Secondly, to avoid the iodine from evaporating, the solution must be titrated immediately with the sodium thiosulphate after the solution is mixed with potassium iodide,KI. The trouble taken Wear safety goggles in the laboratory during the experiment. * swear out the effected skin immediately when in contact with chemicals * Wear gloves when taken the chemical substances. CONCLUSION The experiment was performed in order to determine the concentration of oxidizing solution. Potassium iodate, KIO3, as an oxidizing agent is added into an excess solution of acidified potassium iodide and from the reaction, iodine is released. The iodine that is released is titrated with a standard sodium thiosulphate. From the calculation, the molarity of potassium iodate is 0. 014g/cm3.

Recycling Of Electronic Waste In The UK Environmental Sciences Essay

This chapter represents the decision and recomm culminationations of this dissertation associate to E-waste caution in UK. world-class a amount-up of the E-waste direction in UK is discussed and further it is followed by recommendations in footings of approach in the present patterns and techniques which are followed / used by the EEE makers, WEEE aggregation and cycle Centres etc in the UK and Europe, both bit proper as for the farther look that could be d angiotensin converting enzyme into this earth of survey and these suggestions are intended to gear up a comprehensive cycle trunk crossways the UK and Europe for optimum use of resources on the one manus and minimum pollution on the differentwise.5.1 Summary of the E-waste Management in UKThe E-waste direction notional account conglome invest assorted sub-models like proper aggregation, in force(p) bear on and effectual governing body direction which lot be used in the appraisal of be and its environmental disturbs indoors a specific geo- economic and political context.The proper E-waste direction is unfastened of executing the implicit in three facets which are as followsThe closely economic exclusivelyy efficient figure of aggregation sites and their locations based on a given nation distri only whenionThe most economically efficient figure of cycle sites and their locations based on modelled aggregation informations, andThe environmental impact associated with E-waste transit from an brawniness ingestion stand pointIt is clear from the in a high-pitcheder place treatment in chapter-4 that recycling of E-waste is a truly critical capable affair from the point of waste intervention every bit good as from the recovery of valuable metals. It has besides been discussed that the economic ground is the most of import cause for recycling after environmental issue. Traditional system of E-waste disposal was related to treated down filling and incineration. Incineration resulted i nto leaden upgrade of leafy vegetable house and other toxic gases and landfill resulted into the loss of birthrate of agrarian land ( dirty pollution ) , H2O pollution etc. The other facet of this traditional rule of waste disposal is that it has put heavy force per unit area on excavation of cherish metals as these cherished metals are needed for trickery of new EEEs including ain computers and laptops. So accordingly recycling is the best method for get bying up with the above jobs. It has besides been supported for the sale of economic reachs it is holding in footings of getting cherished metals after recycling for the farther usage in the fabrication of new Personal computers, laptops and other EEEs.Our society is turning continuously and ruin more and more Personal computers and laptops. In UK, there is about every personal is holding one Personal computer and the replacing rate is high. So the unnatural addition in the E-waste is normal in these fortunes. simply at the same clip authorities and the companies are really much(prenominal) concerned with the ill-impacts associated with the traditional methods of waste disposal. Traditional method of E-waste disposal is really big for the environment and for the human wellness every bit good. So the complete prohibition on land filling and incineration is the obvious crack of the authorities of UK.The authorities of UK has proposed and enacted the statute(predicate) law for landfill prohibitions, EPR and ARF. ARF has been collected from the concluding consumers for financial support the Personal computers and laptops ( although it besides charged on other EEEs ) . Therefore this dissertation tries to try the inquiry that how the proper aggregation, disposal and recycling of E-waste potentiometer cabbage the environment and economic system of UK and how it empennage be improved.Earlier, firing / incineration methods ( e.g. method utilizing IsaSmelt furnace ) had been used as a recycling pro cedure for retrieving cherished metals from E-waste but due to its restrictions there was a paradigm fracture in the recycling methods. Recently attendings have been moved to another method of recycling i.e. devising a twister ( whirl ) and oppressing the E-waste for material recovery ( e.g. MeWa QZ 2000 recycle full treatment used by SWEEEP ) . Similarly there occurs a paradigm displacement in the recycling methods of batteries besides, i.e. from Hydrometallurgy to Robust Pyroprocess ( e.g. method used by Umicore Recycling Plant in Belgium ) .The effectivity of these recycling procedures moldiness be analysed in the visible radiation of benefits ( economically and environmentally ) derived from these procedures. These recycling methods offer a big saloon of cherished metal recovery and separation of risky constituents ( table-16 &038 amp table-18 ) . The state of affairs would hold been black if this much measure of risky constituents incorporating E-waste was land filled or i ncinerated.But on the other manus the major concerns for these recycling methods are the high power / energy take aways and the high emanation of green house gases. In the twelvemonth 2009, the replete(p) costs of electricity consumed by the SWEEEP s MeWa Plant were ?55,527.88 ( both xxiv hours and dark operations ) and the entire units of electricity consumed were 880,134 KWh ( table-13 ) . Similarly the energy ask for the Robust Pyroprocess is besides high, i.e. a? 1000 grade centigrade ( table-17 ) .The bing E-wastes recycling systems sidetrack expressively non merely system architecture, but in their operating context. The population denseness and distributions, measures of E-waste generated, attitudes towards recycling, local labor costs and energy costs, are all features of contextual factors which influence the public presentation of E-waste recycling systems. Normally, the addition in the aggregation points of E-waste shows a relationship with the measures of E-waste collected and recycled. It is besides deserving adverting that it is the willingness of single(a) to take part in E-waste recycling systems which have significantly bearings on the measure of E-waste collected.5.2 RecommendationsThe recommendations have been drawn from the treatments in chapter-2, chapter-4 and from the above decisions of this dissertation. These recommendations have been in good society suggested for three different set of people as they have their own(prenominal) specific function for the extenuation of environmental related ill-effect of the E-waste.5.2.1 EEE Industries5.2.1.1 Design &038 A Manufacture Products in an Eco-Friendly &038 A Trouble-free MannerThe cost associated with processing E-waste are important to the overall E-waste system recycling costs. When merchandises are make such that at EOL they can be easy dismantled, a great per centum of stuff and nonsense can be recovered, with less energy and at a lower cyberspace cost to the system. Therefo re in order to alleviate both environmental and economic ends of the E-waste system, makers should try to plan merchandises which can be easy disassembled. Many makers justly argue that such a soma end is non ever achievable without extra costs to the fabrication house. For that makers should boost E-waste systems fiscal construction.5.2.1.2 Encourage E-waste Recycling Centres to Share Performance Data exertion conceives a field of study source is required because conflicting province statute laws would take to uncertainnesss, inefficiencies and high conformity cost that will hinder their susceptibility to be competitory and advanced. Industry is concentrating on attempts to make a national system that will accomplish the end of increasing recycling duration non impeding interstate commercialism ( Wu, 2005 ) . The WEEE forum consists of many authoritiess and recycling Centres across the EU. These authoritiess and recycling Centres portion E-waste recycling systems and bes t patterns. But the paradox is that these nerve portions really limited informations i.e. many of the recycling Centres still non made their informations populace. So, these informations s are non easy accessible by the general populace. It could be bestow for better E-waste direction. But once more it is the paradox that on the one manus the authorities is demoing its concerns for E-waste and jeopardies related to it and on the other manus devising the monopoly over the methods used by its recycling Centres and attempts to maintain it secret every bit much as possible. The makers should supercharge the sharing of public presentation informations so that E-waste recycling system could be smooth.5.2.2 E-waste Collection Centres &038 A Legislators ( governing ) The handiness of E-waste aggregation Centres is a really important feature of E-waste system architecture. So, it is really of import for the recycling Centres and authoritiess to find the figure of aggregation Centres an d their handiness. They must believe over it that how far is the aggregation Centre from the residential country and how far an person is willing to go to lodge his / her E-waste. As we discussed anterior in chapter-4, in the instance of Cambridgeshire county council aggregation Centres, leting / doing some agreements for the disposal of E-waste from concerns and set uping some transit methods for the house to house aggregation of E-waste will promote and better the recycling and its efficiency.It is an acceptable statement that consumer usage is subjective and it is influenced by the distance to aggregation Centres and besides by other factors like age, instruction, income, mate force per unit area etc. Harmonizing to a study conducted by the Cambridgeshire county council aggregation Centre ( 2010 ) , it was estimated that 20 % of the people in UK still believe that they ca nt / it is non possible to recycle E-waste but the staying 80 % believes that by pickings more attempt E-w astes can be recycled. So organising or do more public consciousness programme ( e.g. advertisement, originative attacks etc ) can do more people aware of the sick effects of E-waste and the advantages of it s recycling. The engagement of the staying 20 % people in the E-waste recycling programme will decidedly lend to the protection of the environment and to the nest eggs in economic system in a great mode.5.2.3 E-waste Recycling CentresMost of the recycling centres across UK and Europe are utilizing latest method for recycling WEEE and batteries. veritable(a) though these methods are effectual in recycling and retrieving big measures of cherished metals, it has got some wrongs like high power / energy invite, big emanation of green house gases etc which requires heavy attending.5.2.3.1 SWEEEP Recycling CentreThe power demand for the MeWa QZ 2000 recycling works is really high. This demand of high power can be reduced if the demand for an external heavy granulator ( for doing the size of the end product material uniform ) is avoided by including the map of the heavy granulator within the MeWa works itself or by developing some other maps related to it. The exposure of operators to the risky constituents ( manus picking booth ) for separation of non-uniform stuffs can besides be avoided to some extent as a minute of such a development, since the unvarying size of the end product stuff avoids the demand of manual separation.5.2.3.2 Umicore Battery Recycling CentreThe energy demand for Robust Pyroprocess method of recycling used by Umicore is high. Another disadvantage of this method is the emanation of green house gases to the environment. The installing of an off-gas emanation obtain system for retrieving and recycling these expelled gases will be a better solution for cut downing the energy demand and for forestalling the emanation of green house gases during this procedure. In short by salvaging and cut downing the sum of energy required for recycling , the emanation of green house gases can be minimised / stopped and therefore helps forestall planetary clime alteration.5.3 Future SuggestionsThis thesis has specific frame work under which E-waste direction in UK has been considered. The points of item accent were the recovery of cherished metals, advantages and disadvantages of the methods used for retrieving ( recycling ) these cherished metals which includes high power /energy demand, emanation of green house gases etc. overdue to the limited handiness of informations and limited every bit good as restricted first appearance to the assorted E-waste recycling Centres, the observation and decision can said to be conclusive. Extra apprehension can be gained finished utilizing more elaborate population distribution informations analysis with assorted theoretical accounts, and utilizing these theoretical accounts to excite extra combinations of system architecture and system context.This thesis will move as a platform for farthe r investigate on the subject of recycling of E-waste with particular accent on the Personal computers and laptops. The farther research could be undertaken for the intent of obtaining comprehensive apprehension on the recovery of assorted cherished metals and the methods undertaken for the intent of recovery. The broader probe and analysis of informations including the entree of assorted recycling Centres would unwrap the ingestion of electricity in order to derive cognition about full process-based cost theoretical account. after(prenominal) this, one can state exactly about the cost benefit analysis of E-waste direction with particular mentions to Personal computers and laptops.

Business continuity Essay

solely in snip concept is a lean physical process concept applied in come out orbit management where an opening strives to produce only what is requested, whenever it is needed and in the amount that is needed. It allows for efficient yield of quality products through complete waste reasoning by elimination, avoidance of inconsistencies and in addition elimination of non-value addition activities within the issue line. (Lieb & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Miller 1988) concord to (Stank & adenine Crum 1997) the wastes that ar eliminated atomic number 18 related to labour, where over staffing is a waste, measure, in this slickness idle time or use of extra time to come a nonplus a goal is con boldnessred waste.Just in time concept emphasizes on customer requests and avoids making decisions based on forecast. In this concept, inventory is considered as an additional cost to the process. Traditionally, it would be considered to be value adding in the body. In this case, short letteres and judicatures are advised to eliminate each form of inventory that does non impact any additional value to the product. The just in time concept has distinguishable benefits to a personal credit line firm or enterprise. The benefits admit an improvement in the flow of goods into, within and from the warehouse.There is also go against planning and consistency in the shaping. Manpower base be trim back when production process has stopped mainly due to planned bar downs for maintenance, fundtaking activities, or any opposite reason (Stank & Crum 1997). This helps the enterprise to save on cost related to labour and other production overheads. When an organisation adopts the JIT concept and implements it, it helps in the production of better quality products and also increases the faculty of production. All the aforementioned benefits are customer oriented. We therefore defecate from the benefits customer satisfaction is enhanced.This in turn has an impact on customer loyalty and change sales by the organisation. The net effect of this is improved profits by the organisation (Swamidass 2000). Despite having all the above benefits, the take of the terror attacks on September 11 has cast a administer of doubt on the just in time (JIT) concept deliveries in the supply kitchen stove. In a supply compass, each organisation on the chain depends upon a supplier and therefore in case of a hitch on the chain, the repercussions are felt along the whole chain. beforehand the September 11 attack the JIT was comfortably applicable and implemented to various businesses.Until this time, overstocking was avoided and components were delivered to the mighty place at the right time and in the right form with no hitch. Piling of inventory was avoided and production processes proceeded smoothly. However, the events of September 11 reversed all these, there were delays caused by grounding of aircrafts and also a longer time was required fo r border inspections. Transport on record was also exceedingly affected. As an example, due to these interruptions, commodities destined for the Gap, Banana republic and the old navy stores ended up to a warehouse following(a) to an airport.The business environment, both external and internal go forth always be fluctuating. External environment ilk the impact from natural calamities e. g. hurri dirty doges, snow, storms, floods, earthquakes and internal environments like strikes, affect business operations. consequently, for an organisation with a JIT system, in case of any fluctuation in the business environment, the supply chain volition be disrupted and therefore flow of products downstream go away non be realized (McClenahen & Jusko 2001). For a sudden change in the business environment, the shocks will be felt through divulge the supply chain.There will be a gap that will be created along the chain at the point where the fluctuation is passing felt. It is a noble judgement for businesses to consider having some safety stock on hand at each link of supply chain, which will take care of the emergencies in case of any eventuality. Since a supply chain consists of a network/series of suppliers and consumers, a hitch on one supplier side will affect the consumer who is also a supplier to the following consumer. Therefore in a business that has adopted the JIT system, it might end up being grounded because of lack of inventory to process or sell to the next stage of the chains.It is therefore extremely recommended for such businesses to develop a Just in case system, a system that allows for a safety supplies that will take care of any eventualities. Even though the JIT system has a number of shortcomings in case of shocks within the supply chain, it is definitive to beak that organisations passel still implement JIT and maintain an attractive supply chain with lean inventories even during emergencies. To achieve this, one of the moves that a firm can make is locate where there is stock piling of inventories (Lu & Kyokai 1989).Firms can have most of its inventories stocked next to or near their locations. This will help overcome the problems due to shipment or air transportation in case these modes of transport are affected. A firm can also consider having more than one supplier for a give commodity, this will be a second option during emergency situations. For an organisation to succeed in its implementation of the JIT system, major changes within the organisation need to be undertaken. The top management need to show commitment and strait full support.They are also required to lead from the front if the benefits of the JIT system are to be realised. The adoption and implementation of the JIT system will well affect the mode and criteria through which carriers and other logistics services providers will be recruited by the organisation. Organisations should be able to come up with service providers who are ver y efficient so as to pass on the efficiency downstream the supply chain. The just in time concept is highly dependent on the speed and efficiency with which products are moving at along the chain.It is therefore worthy to mention that the JIT system will highly affect the style of operations in the logistics industry. The number of logistics service providers to be recruited will also be determined by the success of the JIT system. According to (Ian 1988), constant and effective communication between business firms and their suppliers is another important factor that will affect the coming(prenominal) of JIT in the global business environment. The quality of information that will be conveyed should also be devote into consideration. The right information should be conveyed to the right place, at the right time and to the right person.A successful implementation of the JIT system in the future will highly depend on additional readiness of the implementing staff office (Abuhilal, Rabadi, & Sousa-Poza 2006). A lot of emphasise should be on the training of the personnel that are now involved in the implementation of the JIT concept. This should not be taken to mean that other employees in the organisation should not be trained. An elaborate training plan on this system should be unveiled and the concerned departments or functions for example, production, logistics, marketing should be given blood-and-guts training.The major areas to be considered should include policies on JIT system, communication skills and training on commitment to the principles of JIT. The future of the just in time (JIT) system in the global environment will highly depend on the level of technology that will be embraced by an organisation. This includes both in machinery and other office operations. Adoption of improved technology for material handling is a key area that firms need to look at. They should consider embracing cross docking or flowing inventory through a statistical di stribution centre.With an improved material handling facility, the businesses can absorb shocks easily in the event that there is disruption in the supply chain (Kreng & Wang 2005) The use of information technology is in inventory management is particularly crucial if the growth and success of the JIT system is to be guaranteed. Business organisations should hire information technology resources both in hardware and software so as to enhance the success of the JIT system. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) modules should be adopted for inventory management and controls within the organisation.Internet resources should be highly utilised for an effective JIT system. The most applicable resources include e-procural, e- marketing. e-banking and e-mailing. When an organisation conducts procurement via internet, a variety of goods both in terms of quality and metre may be obtained. The business deal is also conducted in an intensify speed. Marketing via the internet allows for the organisation to reach many customers within a very short time and hence improve on the organisations sales.Internet banking allows for faster business transactions hence delays associated with payments are diluted and therefore the supply chain is protected from such delays (Hale 1997). To contain that the intended results of the JIT concept are achieved, it is important for firms doing business together along a given supply chain be proactive in their operations. By being proactive, it means that a consumer should be involved directly in what their supplier is producing. The consumers should be involved in product construct so as to have a product of their own making.On the hand it is very important for the suppliers to follow up and find out how their products are serving the customers. This will help in the elimination of ripples along the chain and hence easy implementation of the JIT system. The players in the supply chain should develop a culture of sharing problems when t hey occur at a particular point of the supply chain, this in a nutshell will reduce the overall effect that the problem would have on the entire supply chain (Titone 1996).The just in case system is another burn up that will have an impact on the future of JIT system in the global environment. It is very important for firms to have a buffer stock that can bail it out when events in the supply chain weart seem to be favourable. The idea of having safety stocks for emergency propagation should not be confused by firms holding inventories. It is a different concept from overstocking.

America in World War 1 Essay

No country enters a fight without a reason. unify States in not an exception. It entered the World state of state of warfare deuce after a tragic Pearl Harbor. It was necessary to stand up and answer to Japanese at that moment. What were united States reasons for entering the World War I? Is there a connection between Russian February variety and President Woodrow Wilson decision to enter the Great War? Of course, it could not be a soul reason for declaring a war to Ger many another(prenominal) Zimmerman Telegram and German Warfare to Ships played t successor roles as well.The trigger of the war became an assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and his wife, Sophie on June 28, 1914. They were killed by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, Bosnia. In return for this murder, Austro-Hungary proposed ultimatum to Serbia (1) The Serbian Government would condemn either propaganda against Austria-Hungary and sup sha ke publications and societies that unconnected Austria-Hungary. (2)Serbia would ban from its schools books and teachers who did not favor Austria-Hungary. 3) Serbia would dismiss any officials who had promoted propaganda against Austria-Hungary. (4) Austro-Hungary judges would result the trial of those accused of the crime at Sarajevo. (5) Serbia had to accept all of these ground within 48 hours or Austria-Hungary would declare war. Serbia did not agree to several(prenominal) of those ultimatums, which brought to the line of descent of the war. Of course, that could not be a reason of the biggest war of that while that was just a reason. Some of the true reasons were militarism, imperialism and nationalism of that time.Militarism is the race of the phalanx functions of the countries. All countries wanted to have powerful army, navy, to have great ammunitions and guns. At the aforementioned(prenominal) time, many alliances were forming in Europe. The mistaken thought was th at the alliances would keep quietude in the World. That is why the war started between six countries at the same time. One of the alliance that entered the war was alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. The second alliance was Britain, France and Russia. nationalism at that time became big deal.Patriots of their countries were competing for the biggest force they have. Imperialism was one of the reason of the war as well. At the beginning of the twentieth century Britain, France and other countries had colonies all over the arena. They were invading more and more of new African and Asiatic lands. Germany decided to enter a war to get those colonies. Germany beared Austria-Hungary in the war. At the same time, the Russian supported Serbia. That is how the war between Germany and Russian were declared.France and Britain supported Russian, so the war expanded to them as well. By the beginning of the frightful, most of the Europe were involved in the battle. On August 4, 1914 the Statess President Woodrow Wilson declaring indifferentity to the war. At the time, the States did not mold an important reason to enter this war. Even at a neutral position, America favored Allies, by sending war supplies and lending wide amounts of money to France and Britain. This is a good position for America and the economy is booming.In the beginning of 1915 Germany pronounced, all the waters surrounding Great Britain and Ireland, including the whole of the side of meat Channel, be a war zone. First strike of war that torched United States directly was a sinking of Lusitania, a British luxury marine liner. Germany submarine torpedoed it on May 7, 1915, killing 1198 tidy sum on board. 128 of those who died were Americans. Germany claimed that Lusitania were caring ammunition for Allies. Later Germany sunk few small passenger ships. some(prenominal) warnings were sent to German government, and were accepted.Germany were apologizing each time and making promises not to stir without warning. On March 24, 1916 Sassex, French boat were sunk by German submarine four Americans were killed. At first, Germany did not even confess that it was a German submarine, which sunk Sassex. Germany were afraid that United States would enter the war, knowing the power and ammunition of the America. On January 31, 1917 Germany declared the resumption of its submarine campaign. Why did not United States enter the war at that time, when German submarines killed so many innocent Americans?Many historians will tell that one of the main reasons for America to enter World War I was the Zimmerman Telegram. In February 1917 President Wilson got a copy of the coded not from German Secretary of Foreign Affairs Zimmerman to German Minister in Mexico Eckardt. It stated that if America will enter a war, Mexico would enter an alliance with Germany on return to Mexicos lost territory. The telegram was received from Britain who could capture and decode it. The telegram wa s published in United States and helped change the view of Americans of the World War I. mass realized that Americans entry to the war is real. Meanwhile Russia straggled not only with the war but also with the starvation and poverty. Russian entered the war on August 1, 1914 and had a good beginning. By the end of 1915, Russian lost approximately all positions gained at the beginning of the war. Poland, Lithuania, Galicia, part of the Baltic States and Belarus are lost. By the end of year 1916 Russia lost more than three and a half(a) million people in war, and about two million people were taken prisoners. Russia straggled a lot with the war.The whole country were working for the army. People were hungry and mad. The winter of 1916 -1917 were very cool and people dying from cold and starvation. On February 23, 1917 protest started. Almost 90 thousands of women left their jobs at manufactories and went on the streets to protest against hunger, poverty and autocracy. Their poster s were asking for bread, change of the government and war end. abutting day nigh twice more people came out on the street demanding the changes. In two days whole city Petrograd was in renewalary mood.Soldiers opened fire and killed some of the revolutionists, but it did not fire people. tzar Nicolas II was not at Petrograd at the time of revolution and did not believe the size and seriousness of the situation. On March 15, 1917 Czar abdicated. New government Temporary Committee of the state Duma were proposing freedom of livery, press and assembly as well as the abolition of restrictions based on class, religion, and nationality. Elections would be based on universal, equal, and direct suffrage and secret ballot.These initiatives almost resemble many aspects of American and democratic principles. Much of their wording is almost identical to what is written in the United States Bill of Rights. The whole world is aware of the Russian Revolution almost immediately. America is d eciding if it wants to support a new government or not. Colonel Edward House sends a letter to Wilson trying to convince him to congratulate and support new government in Russia. Wilson agrees and America is a first country that recognizes Duma. Soon, Great Britain, France and Italy join America. straightway when Russia becomes a democratic country America can enter a war and reason it as a democracy brining to Europe countries. On March 20. 1917 the cabinet meeting began. The main questions that were discussed during four days were Russian revolution and Americas entry to the war. On April 2, 1917, American President Wilson gave a speech in the Congress and ask tried to convince to declare the war to Germany. On April 6. 1917 the war between United States and Germany was declared. On April 15, 1917 President asked Americans to do their bit for America and participate in the war for democracy in the whole world.

A life of her own by Emilie Carles

About the precedentEmilie was born in 1900 in a poor home in one of the poorest regions in France. It was very rare for her and her time that she became literate and was roaring that she went on to become a teacher. For decades she used to indite her own stories in her note maintains and when the right time came she turned her contents into an autobiography. She told her tale to a publishing house Robert Dastenque in the time of her sickness who worked with his writing and the tapes recorded of her story to write this book.Book ReviewEmilie Carles wrote this autobiography book A Life of Her hold about the courage of a char who made a broad difference in her society. This book was translated to English in 1988. The reader of this book is tot incessantlyy(prenominal)y inspired by the behavior of Emilie Carles who lives a life in a small resolution on a mountain in France by the name of Val de Pres in between the both World wars. Emilie describes her village as a land of the mountain people who were unaware of everything just now death, work and sickness.Emilie led a successful and fulfilled life. Emilie led an fair(a) life and made a difference in the life of opposite people. She didnt live a life of fame and wealth solely stood up for things for which she believed in.Emilies strength came when she was just a churl. Tragedy first in love when her mother died when she was very young. Emilie lived with her father, Joseph and four siblings of which three were older (one sister and two brothers) and a younger sister.Her father Joseph Carles was a fleshy man towards life and not towards his children. He used to set his own ways and was a worker who was a driven sort. Emilie wrote about her father that he was a charitable, good and generous man who had a good heart. Later in her book she wrote that he was not affectionate as he should squander been. Joseph had a life, which was no different from the other poor people of the village. He was alert a p oor, tough life.Emilie writes that most(prenominal) of the things her father believed or did was all for the good for his children. He was a committed father and had a impassioned relationship with his children. All of her brothers and sisters at different times went away which go forth Emilie the merely one who stayed near her father and her home. Later on she brought her conserve to the village and raised her children there and also the children of her younger sister.Emilie married a very passionate anti war person. Her love for peace influenced by her husband and also by her brother many years past who served in the army in WW1. Emilie went on to become a schoolteacher. She was the child out of her siblings who was given permission by her father to carry on her studies. She served in different villages but later on she was given a job in her own village.This book is mostly about the hard life of Emilie. She tried to help her father in her village. It was in her urgency to care for her father and her home. In assessing her life Emilie is honest, she writes about her self that she has neer lived a young life. At first it was the deaths in the war, everyone left and the only thing she knows is work and trouble.But her story does have love and hope. When orgasm back from her younger sisters place, Emilie meets the man whom she eventually marries. blue jean Carles listened very carefully to what Emilie had to say about sacrificing everything for her family. The answer she gets was probably the most loving phrase, Jean Carles says that she has every right to live a life of her own and he will take care of all her problems.Emilie describes living her life with Jean Carles as the happy years. She thought of her him as a very attentive husband and very considerate who would do anything to revel her. She than says that all of the earths gifts were given to her. He would give all the warmth he could give and gave all the gifts. Jean Carles was not a wealthy man, correspond to Emilie the only wealth he had was a smile which had all the promises, a head which had all the dreams and a heart which had the most goodness she had ever seen.Jean and Emilie during their marriage transformed the family estate into a better place. though they had a meager income out of which most of the income came from the school teaching job, which Emilie had. closely of the guests who used to come to their house were anti war people wish they were.These antiwar movements led them into the WWII. Because of these movements, at one time she had to leave her estate and compensate into the mountains to keep away from being arrested for the anti war movements which she didnt inadequacy to share with anyone.ConclusionThis book speaks about the power of the women who lived much forrad of her time. She never claimed to be a feminist in the book but the fact that she lived a hard life and the battles she chooses to fight shows that she was a woman who led a life of her own.BibliographyEmilie Carles, A life of her own, published by Penguin (1992)

Osi Analogy Paper

OSI Model Analogy Trevor Crews Strayer University The OSI model is the model developed for computer-to-computer chat theory over a network. This model breaks down all the functions that occur into septenary distinct layers. These layers be, application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and the physical layer. Each one encompasses a position part of the process that occurs during the communication. In order to simplify this think of it the like sending a case through the post office.It can be broken down into seven stages or layers for this event. We start with bringing an item or letter to the post office that is to be sent to a determined destination. This is essentially what happens in the application layer. This is the interface among the communication and the entire process as it is in how a computer works. succeeding(prenominal) the item is package and put into a box or envelope. This is convertible to how the presentation layer functions. In thi s layer the communication is formatted, encrypted, and compressed fundamentally prepared for sending.Our package is then tagged with tracking schooling and tagging information that allows us to track it and verify if there are any new(prenominal) packages and if needed what order they go in. This is similar to the session layer. Next our package is put into a sorting device of some kind that sorts things base on size to see if it is able to be sent with another(prenominal) shipments or broken down to be sent different ship canal if it is to large. This is similar to the transport layer of the OSI model. The similarities go on over the bordering few layers as well.After packages are sorted they couriers inspect the packages and are condition the specific routes they are to take in order to deliver the specify packages to the correct recipients. This represents the network layer in that the connections are established between the computers and the routing is also established. Ne xt the packages are loaded onto the means of their transportation. This can implicate both truck and plane or whatever other mode is needed to en legitimate delivery. This is how the data link layer works. The information is packaged generally in frames and sent via the proper transmittal method via the designated route.The get-go of this process ends with the drivers getting into to their vehicles and driving towards the destinations with the packages. This is the physical layer in which the transmission takes place. After all this takes place it goes back through the same layers in the reverse order to ensure that everything that has happened was in the correct order and method. For example a package arrives at its destination, its then unloaded, inspected to make sure its intact and not damaged, signed for to verify the correct address and recipient, unpacked, and eventually read.While the process as a whole can be overpoweringly complex if it is broken down into layers as the OSI model does it can be viewed a little more simplistically and compared to modern day processes. Such as the post office as I have described. There are also many other similarities that if one looked they could make connections to. Works Cited Dean, T. (2010). CIS clxxv Network + Guide to Networks 2010 Custom Edition (5th Edition). Boston Cengage Learning.

Explain Platos Theories of Form Essay

Plato was born in 429 B. C. As the son of a wealthy nobleman, he turned his back on a political scene, and devoted himself to penning ideas of his master, complimented with his own views in his dialogues. One particular hypothesis he dedicated his time to was the the theory of The halt fors. Platos theory of forms is strongly based on what is authorized and what is non. What is real is thought to be perfect, but someaffair cannot be real or perfect if it is always changing. He believed that behind every design in the visible world, there is an unseen reality, which he c on the unscatheds its regulates. A form is an abstruse property or quality.The forms may be seen as nonsuch blueprints for the particular earthly example of truelove and trees, and so on, which Plato called particulars. If you take any(prenominal) property of an object and then separate it from that object and consider it by itself, you ar deliberating a form. For example, if you separate the roundness o f a tennis twine from its color, power and its weight, etc. and consider just roundness by itself, you argon thinking of the from of roundness. Plato reasoned that this property of roundness existed not just in the appearance of a tennis ball, but in a contrary mode of existence.Plato believed that accordingly all round objects, not just this tennis ball, participate or copy this same form of roundness. The same thing occurs with concepts bid likenity we recognise two shapes be being equal because we have some awareness of the Form of Equality. Plato explains that the World of forms is very polar to the Visible world. The World of forms can scarcely be right on understood by philosophers and those who seek noesis, not by the ignorant or those who do not wish to learn the truth.The theory of forms makes an analysis amongst those objects that are real and those that are except real in our minds. Plato underscore that the Forms exist separately from their particulars. The Forms are eternally more real than their particulars, which only appear to exist and therefore are very vague reflections of the Forms. The forms are radically different from the visible world in that they are not dependent upon or made of Physical matter. Plato believes that material matter is inherently illusory and unreliable because it is subject to change.As the source of all knowledge possible, the Forms must be totally consistent meaning that it is eternal and unchanging, they go by and go beyond the material. They are therefore immaterial (non-physical) which is why they cannot be detected by the senses but through the soul. Unlike the Forms, the particulars depend on physical matter and are changeable and imperfect. Plato believes that the different Forms are all connected to from each one separate in a fixed regulate of importance. Most important of all is the Form of the Good, which is central to the existence of the whole universe.It is the principle of order, which structures the other forms, giving each other Forms, giving each other its own nature. Without this Form, there would be no ideal of beauty or justice etc According to Plato, knowledge of the Good is the highest knowledge a human is capable of. The ordinary person struggles to see past the prank of this world because they ware ruled by their senses. Only the philosopher is capable of seeing beyond, because he can make a priori judgements The analogy of The Cave relates to the theory of The Forms .Plato used the countermine story to explain the importance of questioning everything like a philosopher does in order to distinguish between the unreal physical world and the real spiritual world lit by the fair weather. The prisoners in the cave are people who just accept everything at slip value and never try to understand and ask questions. Their lives are therefore empty and meaningless. The tied prisoners are in an illusory world, what they think is reality, the shadows, is not r eally reality at all. Plato says that their situation is no different from ours. In Platos thinking people do not see the Forms clearly, only the illusory physical world.The puppets that people carry are also images of the Forms. These images are themselves only imitations or copies of the true reality of the Forms. The prisoner that breaks away and escapes fashioning the tough journey (tough, because this relates to the distress it causes for a philosopher to change someones mind) out of the cave is the philosopher who wants to know what is really going on. In the outside world. As the sun gives life to all things and illuminates them, enabling us to see them for what they are, meaning the Form of the Good gives rise to all knowledge, enabling us to recognise the other Forms.The theory of Forms represents Platos attempt to advance our expansion for victimize thought. doctrine was a relatively new invention in Platos day, and it competed with mythology, tragedy, and grand poetry as the primary means by which people could make sense of their place in the world. Art and mythology was appealing to our emotions and desires whereas philosophy appeals to the intellect. The Theory of Forms differentiates the abstract world of thought from the world of the senses, where art and mythology operate. Plato said that abstract thought is superior to the world of the senses.

Human Nature: a Contested Concept Essay

ar we in here(predicate)ntly good or bad? Are we raft by reason or emotions? Are we selfish or altruistic? Is the military personnel mind m whollyeable or predisposed? These questions be highly contested and the answers to them far from understandably. This is due not only to the naval division of different perspectives on valet de chambre personalizedity, but also to lookingly contrary evidence. We deprivation only scratch the surface of history to find assay that pityingkind is capable of incredible cruelty and violence. In Ancient Rome, for example, sport was provided by forcing hoi polloi to fight animals and other homosexual beings often to the death.If this take cares waste in the extreme, we thankfully also find tales of tremendous bravery and what would seem to be selflessness. Today, unsung heroes risk their lives every day to save those of lie with stranges. In short, the picture is a mixed one We seem to be lot angel, part demon, part acute, pa rt animal, capable of great resplendence and great tragedy. 1 Indeed, the notion that mankind beings ar part angel, part demon echoes Aristotles (384-322 BCE) conclusion that he who is content with his retirement moldiness be Either a beast or a God.2 Whether we atomic number 18 by temperament good or bad is a central question in the debate on gentle record. Philosophical as well as apparitional and phantasmal traditions tolerate answered the question in different appearances. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) believed that homosexualkind is driven by the ires or instincts linked to self-preservation. 3 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), by contrast, argued that man beings argon by nature good and that any transgressions that they may experience ar attributable to the corrupting influence of connection. What moderates human beings distinctly human is their cleverness for reason.In the Old Testament, human is portrayed as created in the look of God and, thus, inheren tly good. However, both Jews and Christians argon in agreement that human beings fell from grace by failing to refrain from eating from the channelise of knowledge of good and evil, which left them adrift, alienated from God and in compulsion of salvation. 4 12 NAYEF R. F. AL-RODHAN Another question that recurs in discussions about human nature is whether we atomic number 18 driven by emotions or rational thought. A major c erstwhilern here is whether reason plays a subprogram in our clean judgements.If so, do we engage in conscious reasoning in the beginning pronouncing a judgement or after the f act upon? David Hume (1711-1776) was the first modern philosopher to argue that we make moral judgements on the basis of emotional responses to situations or scenarios. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) held a different opinion. He argued that we make moral judgements through a process of conscious reasoning. 5 In Kants witness, the evolution of humanity had followed a progression from be ing make by animal instincts to being driven by reason. For Aristotle, too, human beings are capable of living a good life by employing reason.Plato (427-347 BCE) held that human beings are driven by both passion and reason. How potty we reconcile these seemingly contradictory faculties? Those who beat greater emphasis on passion and choice instincts, much(prenominal) as fear, greed and sympathy, regard our biological heritage as more than great than the surroundings in which we grow up, whereas those who excrete greater priority to our competency for reason tend to attribute greater signifi chamberpotce to culture and breeding or born(p) capacity those things in the tender world that human body the steering we think back and behave.Whether we are primarily motivated by staple fiber survival instincts or by the environment is central to conflicting views on the question of throw overboard go forth and determinism. The question of how free humanity is to transm ute its nature appears time and again in discussions. According to John Locke (1632-1704), mass are free to conduct themselves in accordance with the laws of nature. In this view, education is more important than nature in shaping our doings. As is mentioned above, Plato work the middle ground.While human beings were believed to be the product of their biological heritage, the environment was thought to play a predominant role in influencing behaviour. Existentialists, much(prenominal) as Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) and Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) argued that human beings have a radical free willing according to Sartre, Man is condemned to be free. 6 At the other end of the spectrum, Hobbes holds that it is nature that is the driving force. 7 Others would argue, however, that although we may feel as though we are endowedwith free will, this is illusory. Proponents of this position argue that because our desires and reactions are not forev er and a day any(prenominal)thing that we can control, we cannot be considered truly free. Sigmund Freuds (1856- frantic AMORAL EGOISM 13 1939) speculation of pansexuality holds, for instance, that while concourse may think that they are making conscious choices, they are driven by subconscious mind motives. 8 Sociobiologists, such as, for example, E. O. Wilson regard human beings as products of evolution.9 This differentiation is important if we are radi margin c all(prenominal)y free to choose, we ought to be fully assured of what we are doing. However, if our patrimonial heritage shapes our mind and behaviour we ought to outlet this into consideration. 10 How we answer the above questions determines how we answer whether human is capable of moral behaviour. In this context, moral behaviour is defined as behaviour consistent with a system of rules of correct conduct. Does true altruism populate or is all altruism based on self-centeredness? According to Hobbes, human beings are egoists, incapable of acting altruistically.This view would appear to be consistent with situations such as a mugging that takes turn out in broad day where bystanders look on but fail to intervene. This fundamental question has kindle different responses. For Kant, morality is the forget of reason. Evolutionary approaches to human psychology and behaviour provide a very different answer. Altruism shows the Darwinian surmisal of natural selection with a problem, given that this conjecture is premised on the pressures of competition. Acts of altruism would appear to have no obvious advantage.Prairie dogs, for example, warn others of approaching in warranter by calling to them, thereby alerting a predator to their throw presence and placing themselves at greater risk. 11 How is it possible to watch on television a group of young men being travel up and summarily shot in the back of the head and take no direct action to acquire genocide to a maintain? well-nigh s ociobiologists, such as Wilson and Frans de Waal, argue that morality has developed from our genial instincts. 12 Some evolutionary psychologists, such as Marc Hauser, have through with(p) for(p) so far as to argue that human beings have evolved an innate moral instinct.13 This is interesting because it suggests that some staple moral criteria must be universal across divergent cultures. Yet, it also raises the question of whether, or the extent to which, human beings are deliberating moral agents. 14 1. 1. The Structure and Aims of the hand This book sets out to do two things first, it strives to reach an understanding of human nature, which ultimately offers the promise of liv- 14 NAYEF R. F. AL-RODHAN ing a good life. Specifically, I beg the following questions What motivates humankind?What is humankind capable of under certain band? Do human beings possess an innate morality? In so doing, I engage with common points of constituteence in the debate on human nature. Drawing on insights from philosophy, psychology, sociobiology and evolutionary psychology, I put before a more comprehensive view of human nature. However, discussions of human nature would be incomplete without considering the findings of neuroscience. I accordingly use recent research in this rapidly developing field to go beyond the approaches to human nature in the above disciplines.Second, this book explores some of the global and auspices implications of human nature as I mean it. The way in which we approach security issues inevitably contains assumptions about what motivates human beings in particular draw, and how we attempt to address these issues is circumscribed by those assumptions. It is essential that we get these assumptions right. The be of getting them wrong is paid in lives. I thusly set out some ways in which we might damp despatch political and moral cooperation, based on our present knowledge of the neuro-psychological dissemble of our neurochemistry.In gra de to set the context for my hold speculation and to give the reader a sense of the main conceptions that influence thinking on the question of what makes us what we are, we begin by exploring some major theories of human nature. The book first sets out the main approaches to human nature. I refer to theories of human nature in a broad sense that includes philosophical, religious and spiritual, psychological and evolutionary approaches. Here, the main contours of the debate on human nature are human beings good or bad, driven by passion or reason, constrained or radically free, moral or disgraceful are addressed in greater detail.I so present my own conjecture of human nature, which I call ruttish Amoral egocentrism. I argue that the human mind is not a tabula rasa, or a clean slate, as Locke suggested. Instead, the human mind is what I call a predisposed tabula rasa, with predilections stemming from its inheritable make-up that later will be influenced by the environment. homosexualkinds genetic make-up is essentially a code for survival. Survival instincts are emotionally based and neurochemically mediated. I therefore take issue with those who argue that human beings are primarily motivated by reason.This does not, however, mean EMOTIONAL AMORAL EGOISM 15 that we should favour nature over nurture in the nature/nurture debate, or that we should conceive of human beings as prisoners of their passions. Even though we are in part motivated by our basic survival instincts, our environment which broadly comprises our personal subject of affairs, upbringing, education, and societal, cultural and global state of affairs plays an important role in shaping our psyche and behaviour. Moreover, what distinguishes humankind from other species is our capacity for reason.We are therefore driven by both basic survival instincts and rational thought, although, alas, less frequently by the latter(prenominal) than we might like to imagine. As is indicated, whethe r human beings are inherently selfish or capable of altruism is hotly contested. In my view, humankind is neither always moral nor always criminal, but can be either at different times. sympathetic nature is governed by general self-interest and affected by genetic predisposition, which implies that there are presumable to be limits to our moral sensitivities. In my view, altruism is in the final analysis driven by survival motives that are emotionally based.In this sense, my approach supports Humes thesis. Recent neuroscientific findings confirm that we are primarily driven by our emotions rather than reason. Yet, since the human psyche and human behaviour are also the product of the environment, under the right circumstances and with weigh effort, we are capable of acting morally, beyond the margins of what our genetic secret writing has primed us for. In addition to considering who we are, I also concisely consider where we are going. Here, I look at how we can and are like ly to be able to modify our psychological and physiological indite through biological and technological means.At some point in the future, we may have to deal with the line between the human as a product of nature and the human as a gathering of technology. 15 Not surprisingly, this has generated heated debate. What distinguishes modern technology from all other types, both pre-modern and non-Western, is its exclusive focus on the perfection of technical procedures and processes that had historically been subordinate to technological norms and standards, usually of a moral, political, and religious nature.16 Will technological advances alter what it means to be human? recession 1 provides a summary of my general theory of human nature, stirred up Amoral Egoism, and briefly outlines some of its universal security implications. 16 NAYEF R. F. AL-RODHAN knock 1 Summary of activated Amoral Egoism A Neurophilosophical Theory of Human character and its Universal Security Implicatio ns The enduring assumption that human behaviour is governed by innate morality and reason is at odds with the persistence of human deprivation, inequality, injustice, misery, brutality and conflict.In my theory of human nature, which I have termed Emotional Amoral Egoism, I argue that human behaviour is governed primarily by emotional self-interest focused initially on survival and, once achieved, domination. These facets of human nature are a product of genetically coded survival instincts modified by the totality of our environment and expressed as neurochemically-mediated emotions and actions. Reason, denunciation and conscious morality are comparatively rare.The human mind is therefore a predisposed tabula rasa, firmness of purposeing from both an in-built genetic code for survival and the environment. In my view, most human beings are innately neither moral nor immoral but rather amoral. They are driven by emotional self-interest and have the potential to be either moral or i mmoral, depending on what their self-interest dictates, and will be influenced in their choices by emotions and socio-cultural contexts. Circumstances will determine the survival value of humankinds moral gain in that being highly moral in an immoral environment may be detrimental to ones survival and vice versa.Indeed, our neuronal architecture is pre-programmed to seek gratification and feel good careless(predicate) of the reason. All apparently altruistic behaviour serves self-interest at some level. This insight has profound implications for the re-ordering of governance mechanisms at all levels with a affectionate emphasis on the role of society and the global system in maximising the benefits of what I term measured self-interest, while minimising its excesses, because human beings cannot be left to their own devices to do the right thing.Such put right offers the best chance of facilitating political and moral cooperation through the establishment of strict normative fra meworks and governance structures, that best fulfil the potential of human beings to exist and evolve in peace, security, prosperity and possible serenity. Further, humanity must never be complacent about the virtues of human nature. Therefore, everything must be done at all levels to prevent EMOTIONAL AMORAL EGOISM 17 Box 1 continued alienation, inequality, deprivation, fear, injustice, anarchy and the loss of the rule of law.History has shown repeatedly that humankind is capable of unthinkable brutality and injustice. This is often a result of what I call fear(survival)-induced pre-emptive aggression, which may occur no matter how serene the situation appears, although it is not necessarily inevitable. Moreover, where there is injustice that is comprehend as posing a threat to survival, humankind will do any(prenominal) necessary to survive and be free. In such instances, might (military or otherwise) may not prevail or be the optimal solution. Human nature as we know it is, nev ertheless, malleable and manageable.It may be radically modified as a result of advances in bio-, molecular, nano- and computational technologies. It will therefore be essential to establish a clear code of ethics regulating the use of these technologies sooner rather than later. In 5 to 5. 6, I discuss some of the global and security implications of my theory of human nature. This final part of the book first explores how prominent approaches to planetary Relations (IR) conceive of human nature and then outlines how my own theory may be situated in relation to them.I formulate that my proposed general theory of human nature collapses the nature/nurture and free will/constrained dichotomies that tend to characterise the conceptions of human nature that say major IR theories. I then discuss the relevance of my own conception of human nature to a number of issues identity complex body part and globalisation, xenophobia and ethnocentrism, ethnic conflict, moral cosmopolitanism and governance structures.In the era of globalisation, the transnationalisation of production and finance, as well as the development and spread of new technologies, have helped to bring about changes in collective identities and inter-civilisational relations. There is a growing edition between major collective identities and traditional political and cultural boundaries. 17 Since a main device driver of human behaviour is ego understood as that which negotiates between inner needs and social contexts, making humankind require a positive identity and a sense of belong this development has a number of implications.If ego may be considered to be a basic human need,18 then cultural disorientation is likely to contradictly affect the human condi- 18 NAYEF R. F. AL-RODHAN tion and human security at various levels. While wide-reaching cultural change as part of globalisation is having positive effects in terms of increased exposure to and sense of other cultures, as well as better acc ess to knowledge, thereby bringing about a greater degree of interconnectedness, the cultural dimension of globalisation is sometimes perceived as generating cultural homogenisation.In the latter case, people may feel that their traditional culture is in risk of exposure of being eroded. Since fear is another central and very powerful driver of human behaviour, responses may take the form of intolerance, xenophobia and extremism. It is therefore important to view the needs for belonging and a positive identity as basic human needs, and to develop appropriate policies and institutional structures to ensure that these needs are met. At the state level, for instance, this means promoting an inclusive society that is underpinned by institutions that make effective representation possible.Globalising processes are also affecting and politicising intercivilisational relations. The increased dissemination of people from diverse cultural contexts, instant connectivity due to new technolo gies, and the populace of economic and political inequalities mean that issues can be transnationalised more substantially than in the past. Some issues may be perceived as an act of aggression against collective identities that define themselves as part of a broader civilisation. This can cause inter-civilisational tension and provide ammunition for those who wish to exploit such fears for their own purposes.Changes in the global political and economic environment in the past few decades have also resulted in new waves of migration as people seek employment and greater opportunities outside their home country. In some regions of the world, the presence of newcomers has generated negative reactions from some factions in society. Exposure to negative stereotyping in the mass media, for example, may increase public support for policies targeted at minority groups in societies and for discrimination against them, which may be subtle or involve physical violence.In Europe, migration h as been securitised (i. e. , raised to the level of a security issue) since the mid-1980s, when migration became subsumed in a broader security continuum including other issues such as act of terrorism and transnational organised crime. The securitisation of migration is sometimes accompanied by xenophobia. Those exposed to xenophobia wound from a reduction in security and do not revel a positive identity, at least in terms of the way in which EMOTIONAL AMORAL EGOISM 19 others define them. This means that a basic human need goes unmet, again with potentially avoidable consequences.19 Understanding the central dimensions of human nature may contribute to responses to migration that do not feed xenophobic reactions in society. Both the environment and our genetic coding are implicated in xenophobic reactions. Evolutionary approaches to human nature would attribute xenophobia to how we evolved from our ancestors. The argument is that human beings, like animals, have a tendency to be hostile towards strangers. Some argue that xenophobia may be something that people have developed to protect themselves against transmittable disease.A stranger might also represent a threat to a place or hierarchy and, therefore, be treated with hostility and suspicion. In both instances, fear of strangers may allow individuals and groups to thrive genetically. While the emphasis here is on genetics, culture is nonetheless recognised as influencing this genetic predisposition. 20 If we are better clotheped to comprehend the drivers of human nature, we might also stand a better chance of preventing and alleviating conflict. Ethnic conflict, for example, is often perceived as the result of timeless hatreds.Viewed in this way, there is little that can be done to alleviate its causes. Preventing ethnic conflict from occurring may seem an impossible task. Thus, considering pu believe biological factors in a narrow way limits the degree of the possible. While humankind may be weighed d own by its biological heritage, and we should not dismiss this out of hand, the environment has an important clashing on the human psyche and human behaviour. Fortunately, we are capable of influencing the environment and, therefore, conflict.If we recognise that both our genetic predilections and the environment affect how and whether tension degenerates into scarlet conflict, we may be able to develop policies to prevent this from happening. A better understanding of human nature may also help humankind to promote cooperation and moral behaviour at the global level. For centuries, politics has been shaped by the concept of state sovereignty, and allegiance to the political unit of the state has been shaped by nationalism. Today, however, national borders are more porous and, for more people, allegiances are not limited to the state.Globalisation is creating a transnational social space. 21 Increased human mobility and interconnectedness mean that many people have to negotiate between multiple identities. The global society that is emerging is composed of great diversity and greater inequality, which 20 NAYEF R. F. AL-RODHAN makes coarse recognition and pry imperative. Moreover, international norms have evolved in such a way that requires moral cosmopolitanism, which assumes that individuals belong to a single moral community. Yet, all too often, there appears to be a disparity between the moral principles we have developed and what we actually do.Biologically inherited behavioural traits may play a role in explaining this apparent gap. 22 We need to find a normative arrangement that will better equip us to address together political, socio-economic and cultural issues. One of the difficulties that evolutionary theories foreground is the difficulty that we may have in acting morally towards foreign others. This is by no means to suggest that we wish to justify peoples indifference to difference or the challenges to acting altruistically towards others with whom they have no direct contact.Culture may be able to naturalize a more altruistic attitude towards strangers, which is essential if we are to respect the dignity of others. If, as sociobiologists suggest, there may be limits to our moral sensitivities, then it is important to know about this because it will require a deliberate effort to promote moral cosmopolitanism, rather than assuming that we can rely on individuals to behave in an ethical way. We need to find a common basis on which we can cooperate.Since the human brain is quite an malleable, public policies and governance structures can influence the human condition and, as a result, the likelihood of insecurity and in stability. What kind of governance structure would be required to enable humanity to prosper and to enhance global stability? Since our survival instincts inform a great deal of our behaviour, it is essential that peoples human rights are vigorously upheld. While there is a general consensus that huma n beings should not be subjected to torture or corrupting treatment, basic human rights ought to extend to basic needs such as shelter and food.This means that human security, which is defined as the freedom from emergency and fear, ought to be promoted at all levels. Political processes and structures should be inclusive. Multilateral institutions, for example, ought to be more representative so that the evolution of the global order is the result of an inclusive and collective effort. Chapter 6 offers some concluding thoughts on the implications of Emotional Amoral Egoism and makes some policy recommendations based on my general theory of human nature and my specific theory of human motivation contained therein.Some may object to the claims that I make in the text. They may, for a pattern of reasons (i. e. , upbringing, experience, education) EMOTIONAL AMORAL EGOISM 21 see themselves or others as more rational, or more moral than my conception of human nature allows. However, m y theory is intended to apply to the majority of human beings, not the minority. I have also kept the discussion of neuroscientific and philosophical issues general in order to avoid overwhelming the reader with technical detail and nomenclatures.

Informative Speech Outline Essay

* IntroductionAttention getter* Are you proud to be a Malaysian? Well, Im proud to be a Malaysian but what happened recently make me thinking? Our country, Malaysia has pass away a very popular and favourite spot for cast step forward, non the usual slobber cast out but it is the muff dispose. babe cast away means the forge of throwing away the babies at any place without taken c atomic number 18 the babies. establish on Bukit Aman Police Headquarters statistics, it was comprise a total of 580 babies were found dumped between years 2000-2006.This number of cases increase all(prenominal) year where as much as 65 flub dumping cases has increased to 83 cases in the year 2006. In the first five months, almost every day there atomic number 18 reports on dumped plunder cases. Year 2010 similarly known as Year of fuck up Dumping cases and this has brought a dissever of question and issues. Surely, all of us drive heard nigh proceeds season and others, but do you ever heard of screw up dumping season? New Year celebration and Valentines Day are known as mating season nowadays which leads to unwanted pregnancies among callowness and obviously, leads to baby dumping cases which rouse be easily read in the mass media.Reason to listen* The news nowadays are so horrifying such as Body of Baby Found in Dustbin, Dogs Found Baby in Trash Bag and some others. The case of baby dumping has been more than serious from eon to time in Malaysia.Thesis statement* Baby dumping especially among jejuneness is a serious affable crisis and has a chronic increase in Malaysia.Credibility statement* The baby dumping case has touched my tenderness upon seeing the pictures of the baby macrocosm dumped in a very unethical and inhuman way. * I make water read and studied intimately baby dumping in Malaysia, and have done research on the Internet. laggard of master(prenominal) point* First I pass on discuss around the hit of baby dumping* Second, I will discu ss about the effect of baby dumping * And lastly, I will discuss about the possible forecloseion of baby dumping cases I. There are some(prenominal) causes that may lead to baby dumping cases that have been identified from confused studiesExtreme celebration of certain events* The occasions were celebrated in a very extreme manner and indirectly encourage to cede energize which resulted in baby dumping cases. * Those extreme celebration is originated from the west which did not sit well with our culture in Malaysia.Sexual abuse* They are usually dumping their babies due to the feeling of being betrayed by the babys father and excessively the feeling of being used. * If the woman is being sexually abuse, they are tending to disposed before or aft(prenominal) the childs receive.Loosening of social problem* Due to eminent phase of modernisation and development, social pull strings system has become relaxation method up. * Neighbourliness, which should become an agent of soci al control system to curtail the social ills has become waning. * Schools are also not being sensitive to the students as they are engrossed to the academic and examination result. * Parents did not well-supervise their child as they tend to believe that their children are good and due to time constraints as many parents are working. * Lack of sex education and pornography also leads to the baby dumping cases. Transition Now that Ive discussed the causes of baby dumping, I will now discuss the effect of baby dumping case. Baby dumping will directly affect three parties that are the mothers, baby and the society itself gist to the mother* The mothers may have the risk of death due to the bleeding during the childs birth. * They will be expelled from schools or educational institutions * Will be charged for attempting absent if the baby were still alive and charge for murder penalty if the baby is dead. * Feeling pressure from family, friends and the surrounding and most importantly is the feeling of guilty.Effect to the baby* The baby unable to grow up in a proper way, feel unloved and alone. * They also may have the possibilities of having birth defect and low body immunity. Effect to the society* It will exploit bad image to the societyTransition now that we had known the cause of baby dumping, lets move on to the next main point that is the prevention of baby dumping cases. Responsibilities of preventing baby dumping cases lies on the shoulder of everyoneIndividual* By being close to the religion, it can prevent the youth from get stuck on social ills such as free sex that leads to baby dumping.* Take a maximum care and control yourself.Parents, society and schools* Parents and the schools need to play important roles to teach their child to become good in behaviour. * They need to educate their child, not frightening them so that if they are having problems and difficulties, they are not hiding it from the parents. * Teaching them to stay out from sexual relationships* ConclusionA. Review of main points* Today I have discussed abouti. The cause of baby dumpingii. The effect of baby dumpingiii. The possible solution for baby dumping casesB. Restate thesis* Baby dumping especially among youth is a serious social crisis and has a chronic increase in Malaysia.Closure* As the conclusion, baby dumping cases will not end without any solution or interpellation from all as we do not want any more babies to die. * It is true that baby dumping case is the prevention of baby dumping lies in the shoulder of the parents, school and society to tackle it, however, it stills boil master to individual responsibility. The youths need to take full control and take a maximum care towards their self. * Everyone has the chance to change their self. As quoted by zigzag ZiglarIf you dont like who you are and where you are, dont take about it because youre not stuck either with who you are or where you are. You can grow. You can change .You can be more th an you are.

Advances in Technologies that impacted on Policing

The constabulary apply originated from m some(prenominal) years ago coming up with peeled technology to make the people the serve safe. Police officers make a change to practice of law on foot to actual guard cars. They have made it so nobody has to wait for a c in all to no were crimes is , they have devil way radios always strapped around them. And they also made it to where as though they have lab transcend in forevery guard car to look up any information when ever they need to. So the law have came from a lot to be able to increase a way to make thither jobs easier.The patrol car has been an excellent use to the police officers with catching suspects. out-of-pocket to patrol car there are more eyes around the theatre that we live in, they are able to drive to the crime scene fast to help someone who may be in serious danger. Without the patrol cars a lot of people would be getting away with all types of crime. Due to the fact that not every give away out there is fit or in shape so people could deal out the cops on foot and get away because they know the streets so well. Thats another reason why the patrol cars have been a pricey source to pick up crimes.Two way radios have been a major impact on how the patrol officers know where there any type of disturbance in the area that they are patrolling due to the two ways radio an operator nookie specifi withdrawy call on the patrol unit that is around the area where there is disturbance or were anyone is breaking the law. Without the radios a police officers wouldnt be able to call for back up whenever they need it or some assistance. They also wouldnt be able to call in if someone is dying and in need of an ambulance or a fire.One of the most brilliant technologies that the police officers have in the patrol cars is the lab tops. The lab tops are basically another operator for them when patrol officers want to look up information for themselves, they can also write out there police reports o n there so that all grammar can the on point. On the lab tops they can also look at anyones file to see if they need to be taken when being pulled over or any outside action for example if a cop looks up your profile and if you have a warrant out for your arrest.They can arrest you right there in your presence because the lab tops have that type of information on them. Technology has been a major impact on how crimes have went deck in the past years. Due to these three new enforces criminals are off the street on the patrol is on the watch more. If it werent for these new gadgets the criminal and civil laws would be broken, and a lot of things going bad. The arrest rate would go down and the criminals in the streets would take over and do as they please.

Zooz

The case about capital of Nebraska electronic association is an anatomy case which describes management success in operating high efficient beau monde. Over the years, Lincoln could record a steady growth, satisfied thousands of guests, and financed with internally generated funds. 1 . How would you describe Lincoln flack to the organization and motivation of their employee? Lincoln had a lot of results control in the conjunction. The first gear thing to mention is that the phoner created a piece blend brass where the employees were give for producing more(prenominal) and more.Therefore, at that place were virtually workers on the factory floor ho had earned more than 45,000 in a single year. Other employees had the find to own their own ho gives and cars and they didnt get any debt. The company didnt reward just now for productivity, but they in want manner rewarded for high quality, cost reduction, and new ideas. The workers assured their work and both one of the m felt like a boss for him/herself. Moreover, the promotion and hiring for a new commerce give the current employees the opportunity to get innovational and usually they train the employee for a new ancestry to be qualified.They besides hire new people if the credit line contends special skills. Furthermore, the company used the open door policy where the employee problems can be perceive and solved. The managers were sharing the workers the like parking and dining room. The company top executive Gorge E. Willis knew at least 500 employees personally which satisfied the workers indigence to be recognized. 2. What role do you think this approach has play in Lincoln performance over the last 25 years? produce any another(prenominal) factors been more definitive? In fact, satisfying the workers had played a big role in Lincoln success.No matter of how bang-up the managers are, the work is completed by the workers, it was essential to motivate them to produce more products. As the company succeed in satisfying the employees, as they spontaneous to stay in the company and be more plenteous. That helped the company to mount their strategy perfectly produce more for lower cost. 3. What factors will be critical to Lincoln continued success? It is important to Lincoln company to guarantee the employee loyalty instead of counting on the paying system and giving bounces to them.In any snip that the company couldnt satisfy the financial needs for the workers, it will be the end for them. They should focus more on other types of honor. For example, the most productive employees can drive special parking, or quicker promotions. Also the company needs to hire supervisor for the employees. The company had a worker who was equal to(p) to manipulate the system and use the lunch break to finish some work with on hand while eating the lunch with the other one Furthermore, there should be some delegation of authorities in the company. He top executive managers ar e making even the miniatureest decisions in the company which may cause some obstacles for midpoint managers to take a quick necessary decision. 4. What recommendations would you make to Mr.. Willis? I believe Mr.. Willis should continue using the open doors policy and maintain the good relations with employees. In the same time he needs to give some authorities to middle managers to make the decisions they need to keep the work stream flows. He should also focus more on making the products delivered in the right time and fix the delay in delivery.The company strategy hasnt changed for a while, and it is important to make some critical changes in the company environment to draw and quarter more employees instead of making the company place the employee go to in order to have high wage only. Implementing new technologies that assure trim back the number of workers will be more efficient. Finally, he cant depend on the employees self observation only, but also needs to have clo se set(predicate) eye on them to determine how efficient they are. CASE-8 DIAGNOSTIC PRODUCTS CORPORATION 1 .Evaluate both the design of the EDP Performance Bonus broadcast for Us-based line of merchandise process engineers (Fees) as it currently exists and the way in which the program is macrocosm implemented. What changes would you suggest, if any? Explain The program were based on the Fees performance in six areas 1- cross training 2- PM completion 3- teamwork factor for MS 4- complete first visit 5- call back rate and 6- administrative functions. The current system is not affective in evaluating the employees because of many reasons. First, the employees have no complete control in some areas.For example, complete service events in the first day are not always come-at-able no matter of how hard the employee tries because of many factors that are not cerebrate to the employee abilities. Second, there were some problems raised after implementing the program such as some subse quent visits were not a call back. Therefore, the program readjusted to overwhelm some areas as exceptions. Finally, the evaluation is based on subjectively legal opinion which can be varying depending on the managers perspectives. Some receipts may be implemented to improve the whole program.For instance, as the managers realized that finish services in the first visit is not always possible, they need to count points for every employee who finished his part of the service in the first day. Regardless of the delay was caused by other factors. Another essential improvement is making the evaluation based on objectively Judgment quite than the managers opinions. It is important for the employees to know how they exactly evaluated. In that way they can guarantee that the personal problems will not affected their evaluations.Finally, as the system was use to assure the customers satisfaction, the company should focus more on their opinions of the customers services by hiring an emp loyee to provide them an evaluation form and take it back from them. For the customers who seek care via phone, the company can take their opinion after the service was provided by making the customer bush a number to evaluate the employee. 2. rather of using a results-control system like the Performance Bonus Program could EDP control its Us-based Fees effectively using only action and/or personnel/ cultural controls?If so, what would such a system look like? If not, why not? Explain. I believe that there were plenty of choices the company can use in order to achieve their goal. They can use action control to prevent employee from hiding the customers bad evaluation by hiring an employee whos responsible for giving customers the evaluation forms and take it back from them. With closer direction on the employee they will tend to perform better. Furthermore, in the case there was nothing about the companys effort to create a good work environment for the employee There were not cl oser relation between the employees and their managers.Even the rewarding program was not big enough to attract the employees attentions. There was not anything about giving them promotions or higher salaries for good work. 3. In answer the question posed below, assume the following hypothetical facts In February, Joe, a EDP FEES, was called to a large research laboratory in a small Midwestern US city to perform a repair Job on an Emulate 2000 instrument. Soon after he arrived, he told the laboratory client personnel that he thought he could complete the Job in 2 hours. However, he encountered some significant difficulties and the Job took 2 days.Harvey, the laboratory manager, was quite upset because the laboratory could not afford to have the instrument down for that long in such a plodding workload period. later the Job was completed, Joe invited Harvey out for a conciliatory dinner. After a few rounds of drinks, Joe explained why the repair Job had taken long than expected. Then he handed Harvey the EDP customer satisfaction quite a little form and asked him to be kind in completing it. The restaurant measurement for the two of them for the evening was $179. 80. Question How would you analyze the ethics of Joeys behavior?Joe has no ethics at all ( I know you will utter I am going so far here 0 ) He did not finish his Job in the right time. The Job needed about 2 hours to be done and he took 2 days He did not only cost the company property and time, but he also fail in satisfy the customer who was upset because of the work delay. Moreover, he invited the customer to conciliatory dinner and tried to manipulate the customer to get positive evaluation for his lousy work. The company should cover the outlays for this dinner to as a part of travel expense which mean they will pay 179. 80 for unnecessary dinner

The Effects of Missing Letters to the Reading Comprehension

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY (CvSU) DON SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS CAMPUS Indang, Cavite ( (046) 415-0021 ( (046) 415-0012 e-mail email&160protected com The do of wanting Letters to the recitation Comprehension of second course of instruction IT Students of Cavite adduce University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Subject observational Psychology prepargond By Ersando, Shalom G. Suansing, Glenda Mae E. shew 2012 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA Shalom G. Ersando was born in J. P Rizal Memorial Hospital Dasmarinas Cavite on January 15, 1994. She is now residing at Brgy. Cabezas, Trece Martires metropolis,Cavite.She is the eldest among the dickens siblings of late Mr. Carlito B. Ersando and Mrs. Victoria G. Ersando. She finished her main(a) at Palawit Elementary take aim at Brgy. Cabezas Trece Martires City,Cavite in 2006. She endedd her secondhand at Tanza National mass schooldays at Paradahan I Tanza Cavite. At Present she is now pickings up bachelor of erudition in Psycholo gy at Cavite offer University Indang Cavite. BIOGRAPHICAL DATA Glenda Mae Suansing was born on August 23, 1994. She is the second baby of Nerissa and Alexander Suansing. She is before long residing at St. Michael Village, Sungay East, Tagaytay City.She has two siblings, Glen Mark and Gladys Suansing. She graduated her elementary at Tagaytay Elementary School. She was a consistent character awardee. She finished her secondary education at Tagaytay City Science National High School. She is currently working at Cavite solelyege University taking up Bachelor of Science in Psychology. After graduating college she is planning to operate Industrial Pschology. She wants to become a Human Resource Practiti wiznessr. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This experimental query leave non be gross(a) without encouragement,assistance, jut and inspiration proved by several people.The authors craving to express their sincerest appreciation and gratitude to the undermentioned persons who helped in the rea lization of this piece of arrive at To Ms. Alodia Mercado, our adviser for her sound academic guidance and moral support which enabled her to pursue this prove To Ms. Alma Fatima Reyes, for her applyful comments and suggestions that amend the interpret To Ms. Ivy Valerie Garcia for letting the researchers c wholly(prenominal) her laptop To To the family of the researchers,for their love and support they gave me without the call for My greatest eulogy and honor to our Lord Almighty who guided me through my closely uncorrec disconcert moments and problems.ABSTRACT SUANSING GLENDA MAE, ERSANDO SHALOM The tacks of Missing Letter to the Reading Comprehension of second twelvemonth IT Students of Cavite ground University. Experimental explore. Bachelor of Science in Psychology. Cavite State University. borderland 2012, under the supervision of Ms. Alma Fatima Reyes. As get it onledge plays an important comp unrivalednt in our lives, edition cognition is important for human progress. This experimental research proposes to analyse the cores of lacking(p) garner to the interpretation comprehension of students. The research is conducted at Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite.Fifteen respondents were guideed for the Pre-test and the Post-test. Same person lead be taking the Pre-test and Post-test. All fifteen respondents be second year BS IT students of Cavite State University. The general objective of the hit the arrests was to in escape the Reading Comprehension of Students with absent garner. Specifically, the larn aimed to pay back if there was a divagation surrounded by the lashings obtained in the Pre-test and the tons obtained in the Post- Test. data and breeding were gathered through the help of the respondents by answering the questionnaires regarding to their Reading Comprehension Skills provided by the researchers.TABLE OF table of contents APPROVAL SHEET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACKNOWLEDGMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABSTRACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF APPENDICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inception. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . assertion of the Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hypotheses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . signification of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scope and Limitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . description of Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . suppositional Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conceptual Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . METHODOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . investigate digit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design Notation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sampling Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Respondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research cock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . selective information Gathering Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Statistical depth psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RESULTS AND password. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .LIST OF TABLES delay 1. A diffusion hedge of the Pre-test get ahead Table 2. A Distribution Table of the Post-test oodles Table 3. Difference of Pre-test and Post-test scores LIST OF FIGURES approach fig 1. Parallel Letter reference foretell 2. Research Paradigm Figure 3. Graphic Representation of Pre-test Scores Figure 4. Graphic Representation of Post-test Scores LIST OF APPENDICES budgetary Estimates (Appendix A) Calendar of Activities (Appendix B) Instrument (Appendix C) Statistical Analysis of data (Appendix D) course of study Vitae (Appendix E) THE EFFECTS OF MISSING LETTERS TO THE READING C OMPREHENSION OF second YEAR IT STUDENTS OF CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY Glenda Mae Suansing Shalom Ersando An experimental research prepared to the faculty of the division of Social Sciences and Humanities, College of Arts and Sciences, Cavite State University, Indang Cavite in partial fulfillment of the take inments for Experimental Psychology with Contribution No. ER1. Prepared under the supervision of Ms. Alma Fatima Reyes. INTRODUCTION Reading is a cognitive process of decoding characters or attributes in post to create a kernel.It is a mingys of communicating and share-out of information. We do it automatically. It requires development, coif and discovering. When we read, we use of goods and services our eyes to receive written symbols such as garner and we use our brain to convert them into haggling, metres and paragraphs that communicate roughlything to us. many a(prenominal) people read books, newspapers, magazines, comic books, etc. It is considered as a e ac tuallyday routine of other people who loved to read. Readers integrate the linguistic process they h ageing in read into their existing framework of knowledge or schema.Reading helps a vision in our diction. It widens our knowledge about devises. Sometimes when we encountered un long-familiar speech communication we plentyt understand it, but when we encountered the same word we already knew what its meaning because weve read it already read it in the past. Reading in addition helps us in communicating in many way for example say, your telephone circuit or any job for that matter, and you need to read a bring for business purposes or until now if you work at a supermarket, weart you need to know how to read in order to manoeuver the food that a person get to the right address.So as you acquire recitation is just an element we need for day to day life. Statement of the Problem The study aimed to arrest the see comprehension of students with scatty letter. 1. What is the highest pass judgment of the haemorrhoid obtained in the Pre-test by the 2nd year BS IT students of Cavite State University? 2. What is the highest pass judgment of the gobs obtained in the Post-test by the 2nd year BS IT students of Cavite State University? 3. Is there a substantial difference among the loads obtained in the Pre-test and the scores obtained in the Post-test? . Do the wanting letters guess the rendering comprehension of students? Objectives Generally, the study aimed to determine if there is a signifi provoket difference between instruction with missing letters and exercise with perfect(a) letters. Specifically, the study aimed to 1. to determine the highest judge of the scores obtained in the Pre-test by the 2nd year BS IT students of Cavite State University. 2. to determine the highest rating of the scores obtained in the Post-test by the 2nd year BS IT students of Cavite State University. 3. o determine if there is a significant difference betwe en the scores obtained in the Pre-test and the scores obtained in the Post-test. 4. to determine the proceedss of missing letters to the narration comprehension of students. Hypotheses Ha There is a significant difference between recitation the lecture with missing letters and education with complete letters in the comprehension of the students. Ho There is no significant difference between reading the words with missing letters and reading with complete letters in the comprehension of the students. Significance of the StudyThis study will turn a profit the following beneficiaries Respondents This study will help the respondents to be familiarized in this type of reading. The respondents will likewise enhance their vocabulary. Community This study will be a great help for the community in order for the people to be aware in this style of reading. School This study will benefit the school by t from each oneing this style of reading not only for students but in any case for th e teachers. Future Researchers This study will be a guide for the future researchers in order for them to see a background regarding to this study.This will also serve as their cogitate literature. Scope and Limitation This study is about on how the students read and understand the meaning of a word if there is a missing letter on the word. This study will also test the vocabulary of the students. This study only involves 2nd year IT students of Cavite State University. It is quiet of 15 respondents from IT students. The study also limits the brief period time given to conduct this research. Definition of Terms These are some terms employ in the study Cognitive Psychology it is the study of internal and external processes of the brainWord transcendence Effect refers to the increase in efficiency of letter realisation within words Reading Comprehension aim of understanding when reading Pattern Recognition organization of stimuli Pre-Test test given before the Post-test P ost-Test test given later the Pre- test Schema past experiences Treatment take aims of the independent variable Theoretical Framework This study justified the Parallel Letter Recognition. It is the model that most psychologists currently accept as most accurate is the parallel letter information model.This model says that the letters within a word are notice simultaneously, and the letter information is used to see the words. This is a very active area of research and there are many particularised models that fit into this general category. The figure below is one popular grammatical construction of this model. pic Figure 1 Parallel Letter Recognition Figure 1 shows a generic activation based parallel letter lore model. In this example, the reader is seeing the wordwork. Each of the stimulus letters are processed simultaneously.The first step of processing is recognizing the features of the individual letters, such as horizontal lines, diagonal lines, and curves. The det ails of this take aim are not critical for our purposes. These features are then sent to the letter detector level, where each of the letters in the stimulus word are recognized simultaneously. The letter level then sends activation to the word detector level. TheWin the first letter detector position sends activation to all the words that choose aWin the first position (WORDand race).TheOin the second letter detector position sends activation to all the words that devour anOin the second position (FORK,WORD, andWORK). eyepatchFORKandWORDhave activation from three of the four letters,WORKhas the most activation because it has all four letters activated, and is thus the recognized word. Conceptual Framework Fig. 2 This study aimed to know the difference between the Pre-test and Post-test scores of the students in their reading comprehension. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter presents the related topics and studies regarding this study. It also presents the synthesis of al l the topics.Pattern Recognition Our ability to recognize familiar types of things is a spectacular human characteristic. This attribute allows us to recognize an old friend in a sea of faces, to identify an entire musical theater theme from a few notes, to read words, to enjoy the taste of a vintage wine, or to appreciate the smell of a rose. It is a cognitive endowment that we mostly perform seamlessly, rapidly, and without much effort. In our both(prenominal)day life, we use pattern recognition all the time, yet the cognitive structures which support pattern recognition are only recently understood. Cognitive Psychology, 6th edition, Robert Solso, p. 109) Researchers have discovered that top-down processing can influence our ability to recognize a variety of objects. It also influences our ability to recognize letters during reading. to a greater extent or less of the research on this topic examines how background helps us recognize letters of the alphabet. Psychologists who study reading have realized for decades that a theory of recognition would be inadequate if it were based only as the information in the stimulus. (Cognition, 5th edition, Margaret Mathin, p. 42) Immediacy of translationOne of the important principles to emerge in canvass of linguistic communication processing is called the principle of immediacy of interpretation. Basically this principle says that people screen to plagiarize as much meaning out of each word as it arrives, and they do not wait until the end of sentences or even the ends of phrases to decide or how to interpret a word. For instance, provided and Carpenter (1980) studied the eye movements of subjects as they read a sentence. While reading a sentence, subjects will typically fixate or almost every word. Just and Carpenter find that the time subjects spend fixating or word is basically proportional to the amount of information provided by a word. Thus, if a sentence contain or relatively strange or a strike word, they pause in that word. (Cognitive Psychology &038 Its Interpretation,John R. Anderson) Reading Comprehension Reading comprehension is a complex undertaking that involves many levels of processing. One of the most of import aspects of comprehension is the ability to deal with unfamiliar words encountered in textbook. Readers who difference with word-level tasks use up valuable cognitive space that could be dispense to deeper levels of text analysis.It is not enough to rely on context cues to cry the meaning of new words, since this strategy often results in erroneous or superficial understandings of key terms, especially in content-area reading (Paynter, Bodrova, &038 Doty, 2005). Mature readers need to possess a basic knowledge of how words work and a set of strategies for approaching new words encountered throughout the day. (http//www. edu. gov. on. ca/eng/research/mcquirter. pdf) How word knowledge affects reading comprehension Vocabulary knowledge is one of the bes t predictors of reading achievement (Richek, 2005).Bromley (2004), in a comprehensive round of research on vocabulary development, concludes that vocabulary knowledge promotes reading fluency, boosts reading comprehension, improves academic achievement, and enhances thinking and communication. Spelling is also an important consideration in reading comprehension. The concepts about sound patterns that children learn in the early old age through invented routineing and direct spelling instruction help them to trace new words in their reading. As they mature and begin to spell longer and more complex words, children apply the concepts of base words, prefixes, and suffixes to their spelling.This knowledge of morphology, in turn, helps them to deconstruct longer words encountered in their reading. Templeton (2004) argues that spelling knowledge provides the priming coat for explicit awareness and understanding of morphology, which, in turn, may guide the taxonomic growth of vocabula ry knowledge. Considering the strength of vocabulary knowledge in predicting reading achievement, the complex interrelationships among these areas are significant. (http//www. edu. gov. on. ca/eng/research/mcquirter. pdf) Missing letter heartIn cognitive psychology, the missing letter effect refers to the finding that, when people are asked to consciously detect target letters while reading text, they miss more letters in frequent, chromosome mapping words (e. g. the letter t in the) than in less frequent, content words. The missing letter effect has also been referred to as the reverse word superiority effect, since it describes a phenomenon where letters in more frequent words fail to be identified, instead of letter identification benefitting from increased word frequency.The effect is usually measured victimisation a paper-and-pencil procedure, where readers are asked to circle a target letter every time they come across it while reading a myopic departure. The missing lett er effect is more deally to appear when reading words that are part of a threadbare sequence, than when words are embedded in a mixed-up sequence (e. g. readers asked to read backwards). The missing-letter effect for common function words It has been proposed that function words such as for and on conceal their letters because their higher(prenominal) familiarity allows fast access to their unitized molds.However, this study shows that letter detection in function words varies with their linguistic role in text. When such words were embedded in a phrase where they were forced into a content role by the surrounding context (e. g. , for or against or on switch ), letter detection improved markedly and did not differ from that of matched content words. The result was replicated when the context antecedent the function word and the overall sentential meaning were equated for twain function and content usages.The results support a late-stage structural account of the function-dis p rofit effect, where the syntactic units that support the structural frame of a sentence are lost in the transition from structure to meaning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) Word superiority effect In cognitive psychology, the word superiority effect (WSE) refers to the phenomenon that people are more accurate in recognizing a letter in the context of a word than they are when a letter is presented in isolation, or when a letter is presented within a nonword (e. g. WXRG).Studies have also rig a WSE when letter identification within words is compared to letter identification within pseudowords. (e. g. WOSK) and (e. g. WERK). The effect was first described by Cattell (1886), and important contributions came from Reicher (1969) and bicycler (1970) . The WSE has since been exhaustively studied in the context of cognitive processes involved during reading. giving amounts of research have also been done to try to model the effect using connectionist network s. (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Word_superiority_effect) Several studies have shown a correlation between working memory and reading comprehension.Daneman and Carpenter (1980) used a dine-task procedure in which both tasks (reading and remembering) use a hotshot verbal memory state. A compromise position suggests that the phonological component of working memory acts as a sort of back-up memory. When sentences are short or comfortably grok it is not needed with syntactically more complex or lengthened sentences processing may lay behind the input and so the representation in the phonological store needs to be consulted. (McCarthy and Worrington, 1990) Transfer to yen Term retentionVerbal rehearsals may be necessary in acquiring some kinds of knowledge such as learning new vocabulary words. natural words need to be first remembered by sound like a representation cannot be retrieved to long term memory. Ebbinghaus discovered some other unique findings the serial position effe ct. It can be found in memory for lists even when serial anticipation is not required. Working Memory Working memoryhas been defined as the system which actively holds information in the mind to do verbal and nonverbal tasks such as reasoning and comprehension, and to make it available for further information processing.Working memory tasks are those that require the goal-oriented active monitoring or manipulation of information or behaviors in the face of interfering processes and distractions. The cognitive processes involved allow in the executive directorandattentioncontrol ofshort-term memorywhich provide for the interim integration, processing, disposal, and recovery of information. Working memory is a theoretical concept central both tocognitive psychologyandneuroscience. Synthesis We use pattern recognition in our daily lives, most likely in reading in how we recognize letters.It is an ability where only humans can do. One of the most widely demonstrated phenomena in the r esearch on recognition is the Word Superiority Effect. gibe to the word superiority effect, we can identify a single letter more accurately and more rapidly when it appears in a word that it appears alone by itself or in a wander or same letter. As we are reading a book or any reading material, our brain process the meaning of a word. It is naturally done by our brain. By the help of our schema or past experiences, when we encountered a familiar word, we can easily recognize it.But its kinda difficult for us to understand the meaning of a word if we neer encountered it in our past. METHODOLOGY In this chapter, the researchers will describe the research origination, consume technique, respondents, research instrument, data gathering procedure and the statistical analysis that they used. Research Design The research purpose that the researchers used was the Within Subject Design. A within-subjects design is a type of experimental design in which all participants are exposed to e very intervention or condition. For the Pre-test, the respondents well be not exposed to treatment.For the Post-test, the students will be now exposed to the treatment which is the missing letters in the passage. Psychologists often use them to test the relative military posture of a new treatment, often a difficult proposition. One of the greatest advantages of a within-subjects design is that it does not require a large puddle of participants. Generally, a similar experiment in a between-subjects design would require twice as many participants as a within-subjects design. A within-subjects design can also help reduce errors associated with individual differences.In a between-subjects design where individuals are randomly assigned to a treatment condition, there is soothe a possibility that there may be essential differences between the crowds that might impact the results. In a within-subjects design, individuals are exposed to all levels of a condition, so the results will not be distorted by individual differences. Each participant serves as his or her own baseline. Design Notation O1XO2 O1 = Pre-test O2 = Post-test X = Treatment (Missing Letters) Sampling Technique Random sampling method was used.The researchers used the table of random sampling for choosing the respondents. The respondents were 2nd year IT students of Cavite State University. In random sample, each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. If more than one individual is to be selected for the sample, there must be constant probability for each and every selection. Respondents The researchers need 15 students for pre-test and post-test. Same person were taking the pre-test and post-test. Research Instrument The instrument that the researchers used was a test questionnaire. The est questionnaire is composed of a short passage or story and then it is followed by a 10 item question. Treatment For the first passage in the pre-test, a normal passage with comp lete letters is given. For the post-test, the passage contains words with missing letters. This treatment will be given to 15 respondents. This will tests if it is good or effective to use. Data Gathering Procedure The researchers need to provide questionnaires for the respondents regarding to their Reading Comprehension skills. The researchers need to provide questionnaires until they meet the minimum ( 15) respondents.After that Pre-test will be given in the respondents. And the post-test will be given to know if missing letters will affect the Reading Comprehension of the respondents. Statistical Analysis The researchers used the Wilcoxon Signed downright Test. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test is a non-parametric statistical test for testing hypothesis on median. It is used when we offer to compare two sets of scores that come from the same participants. This can pop off when we wish to investigate any change in scores from one time point to some other or individuals are subject ed to more than one condition.As the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test does not assume normality in the data it can be used when this assumption has been violated and the use of thedependent t-testis inappropriate. The advantage with Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test is that it neither depends on the form of the levy distribution nor on its parameters. It does not require any assumptions about the influence of the distribution. For computing the mean, the researchers used the formula below. The researchers summed up all the scores and divide the total by the number of scores. pic Where pic is the symbol for the mean pic is the symbol for summationX is the symbol for the scores N is the symbol for the number of scores For computing the standard deviation, the researchers used the formula pic Where S is the symbol for standard deviation pic is the mensurate of the mean pic is the symbol for summation Xi represents each data esteem from i=1 to i=N.. N is the sample size RESULTS and DISCUSSION Th is chapter contains the analysis and interpretation of the results that we have gathered. The results gathered were organized, tabularized, discussed and studyd in this section. The table contains the scores obtained by the students in the Pre-test and Post-Test.Table 1. A Distribution table of the Pre-test scores judge Frequency(f) Percentage(%) exquisite 0 0 very(prenominal) great 4 26. 7 Good 8 46. 7 brusque 3 26. 7 Total 15 c smashed 2. 0 Standard diversionary attack 0. 75593 Verbal Interpretation Poor Legend Poor 0-3 Good 4-5 very Good 6-7 resplendent 8-10. Table one shows the pre-test scores by 2nd year IT students of Cavite State University. Out of fifteen students, 3 or 26. 7% of the students got Poor rating 8 or 46. 7% of the students got Good rating 4 or 26. 7% of the students got Very Good rating and no one got Excellent rating. According to Anderson and Freebody (1981), it is well established that good comprehenders tend to have good vocabular ies. This correlation, however, does not mean that command vocabulary will increase readers comprehension, for that is a causal conclusion.As it turns out, however, when reading educators conducted experiments in which vocabulary was either taught to students or not, comprehension improved as a function of vocabulary instruction. In the pre-test, the researchers included some difficult or unfamiliar words that the researchers think the students didnt encounter before. As shown in the pre-test scores, the respondents tend to have poor reading comprehension and vocabulary. The low scores they got was a evidence that if a word is unfamiliar and unrecognizable you cant easily understand it. Table 2. A Distribution table of Post-Test Scores Rating Frequency(f) Percentage(%) Excellent 4 26. 7 Very Good 3 20 Good 4 26. 7 Poor 4 26. Total 15 100 Mean 2. 5 Standard Deviation 1. 18723 Verbal Interpretation Poor Legend Poor 0-3 Good 4-5 Very Good 6-7 Excellent 8-10. Table 2 s hows the post-test scores from the same students who took the pre-test. Out of fifteen students, 4 or 26. 7% of the students got Poor rating 4 or 26. 7% of the students got Good rating 3 or 20% of the students got Very Good rating and 4 or 26. 7% of the students got Excellent rating. According to a research study, there are much more effective slipway to teach comprehension. Much work has been done in the area of teaching novice readers a bank of reading strategies, or tools to interpret and analyze text.There is not a definitive set of strategies, but common ones include summarizing what you have read, monitoring your reading to make sure it is still making sense, and analyzing the structure of the text. Some texts, like in philosophy, literature or scientific research, may appear more difficult to read because of the prior knowledge they assume. Because the texts were unfamiliar, readers dont understand it. Analysis of research findings reveal that if a reader is to become very g ood at comprehending what he reads he must meet two principal learning requirements. They must (1. know words and (2. ) be able to reason with physical text. In the post-test, the treatment was administered. Some words in the passage have missing letters. According to Just and Carpenter (1980), who studied the eye movements when reading, if a sentence contains unfamiliar words, the reader will pause in that word. Thus, when the respondents were reading the passage, whey saying the words with missing letters, they paused as their brain processed to recognize that word. The respondents extract meaning to that word as they read it. Table 3. Difference of Pre-test and Post-Test Scores Rating Pre test frequency Post-test frequency Excellent 0 4 Very Good 4 4 Good 8 3 Poor 3 4 Total Mean 2. 0 2. 5 *Legend Poor 0-3 Good 4-5 Very Good 6-7 Excellent 8-10. Table 3 shows the difference of pre-test and post-test scores. As a whole, it shows that most of the students got high scores in the post-test. The total mean scores of the students in the pre-test is 2. 0 which is equal to Poor rating. The total mean of scores of students in the post-test is 2. which is equivalent to Poor rating also. Thus, there is a 0. 5 difference in the mean scores. After computing the difference of the pre-test and post-test scores using Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, the result of the asymptotic significance is 0. 01. Thus, the researchers should pooh-pooh Ho because the result of asymptotic significance of the study is less than 0. 050. The results have showed that the students were more capable in answering the passage with missing letters. The results gathered by the researchers showed that the missing letters affect the reading comprehension of the students. It positively helped the students to understand well the passage.According to Paynter, Bodrova and Doty (2005), one of the most fundamental aspects of comprehension is the ability to deal with unfamiliar words encountered in t ext. In the passage, maybe the students have encountered it before so that they understand the passage. Readers who struggle with word-level tasks use up valuable cognitive space that could be allotted to deeper levels of text analysis. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The summary provides comprehensible summary on how the study was conducted. It also presents the list of findings, state the conclusion and some of the recommendations. Summary The study aimed to determine whether there are differences between reading with complete letters and reading with missing letters.Specifically, the study aimed to 1) determine the rating of IT students in the Pre-test 2) determine the rating of IT students in the Post-test 3) determine the significant difference between the scores obtained in the Pre-test and the scores obtained in the Post-test 4) determine the effect of missing letters to the reading comprehension of the students. The researcher conducted their study at Cavite State U niversity from February 17 to March 8, 2012. The researcher used the within subject design for their study. The researcher used random sampling method where they used the table of random total to choose their respondents. Their respondents were 2nd year BS IT students, 15 students in pre-test and another 15 students in post-test. The researchers used a survey test questionnaire that was composed of a short passage and followed by 10 questions.The formula to determine the level of students in Pre-test was frequency tallies and percentage. The formula used to determine the level of reading comprehension in Post-test was also frequency tallies and percentage. In ascertain the significant difference between the Pre-test and Post-test scores, the formula that the researchers used was Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The findings resolved that there is a significant difference between reading with complete letters and reading with missing letters. From the asymptotic significance obtained fro m the pre-test and post-test we should reject Ho and accept Ha. Conclusions Based on the findings and the data gathered the following conclusions were drawn 1. Based on the scores of the respondents in the pre-test, the respondents got the highest rating of Very Good which ranges from 0-7. The students were not familiar to the words in the passage. The researchers conclude that those words were not in their long term memory so it was voteless for the respondents to understand the passage 2. )Based on the scores of the respondents in the post-test, the respondents got the highest rating of Excellent which ranges from 8-10. Thus, the students performance was excellent and they meet the highest rating compared to the pre-test. The respondents could in truth read fairly well even if only half of the letters are present 3. )Based on the mean scores of the students, there is a 0. difference between reading with complete letters and reading with missing letters. The researchers conclude that the treatment, which is the missing letters, is effective in reading comprehension. As the results showed, post-test is higher than the pre-test. Thus, there is a significant difference between reading with complete letters and reading with missing letters 4. )Missing Letters affect the reading comprehension of the students. The researchers conclude that it is effective to use. Based on the scores the respondents achieved, post-test scores were higher than the pre-test scores. Thus, the students understood the passage with missing letters. RecommendationsBased on the results of the study, the researchers highly recommend the following Students. To the students, they should use this type of reading as a practice for them in reading comprehension and for their vocabulary. Teachers. To the teachers, the researchers recommend to use this type of reading to increase their inferential comprehension. Future Researchers. To anybody who wants to pursue the same study or related to this study this will help to improve the students style of reading. The researchers also recommend having further study regarding this study and they should also use larger amount of participants/respondents to show the comparison in our study. APPENDICES Budgetary Estimates (Appendix A) Cost Print 100 Computer Rent 250 Transportation 100 Total 450 Php Calendar of Activities (Appendix B) February 13 Chapters 1,2,3February 13,14,15 Instrumentation February 17 to March 8 Conducting of experimental research Data Gathering March 15 Data Analysis March 19 Chapter 4,5 March 21 Chapter 1,2,3,4,5 March 26,27 billhook Presentation April 10 Soft Bound Statistical Analysis of Data (Appendix D) Frequencies pre test level Statistics Level N Valid 15 Missing 0 Mean 2. 0000 Std. Error of Mean . 19518 Std.Deviation . 75593 Minimum 1. 00 Maximum 3. 00 level Level N Valid 15 Missing 0 Mean 2. 5333 Std. Error of Mean . 30654 Std. Deviation 1. 18723 Minim um 1. 0 Maximum 4. 00 level N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks level group ostracize Ranks 4a 8. 00 32. 00 Positive Ranks 19b 12. 84 244. 0 Ties 7c Total 30 a. level group b. level group c. level = group Test Statisticsb level group Z -3. 351a Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) . 001 a. Based on negative ranks. b.Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test Curriculum Vitae ( Appendix F ) liaison culture Name Glenda Mae Suansing Address St. Michael Village, Sungay East, Tagaytay City Contact Number 09159727469 E-mail Address email&160protected com Personal Information Date of Birth August 23, 1994 Place of Birth Indang, Cavite Citizenship Filipino gender Female Educational growth Primary Tagaytay Elementary School alternative Tagaytay City Science National High School College Cavite State University Bachelor of Science in Psychology Interests Playing guitar, Reading books, Watching films Contact Information Name Shalom Ersando Address Brgy.Cabezas Trece Martires City Contact N umber 09107232128 E-mail Address email&160protected com Personal Information Date of Birth January 15 1994 Place of Birth Dasmarinas Cavite Citizenship Filipino Gender Female Educational Attainment Primary Palawit Elementary School Secondary Tanza National Trade School College Cavite State University Bachelor of Science in Psychology Interests Reading books, honoring movie, Hanging with friends and playing badminton INSTRUMENT (Pre-test) INSTRUMENT (Post-test) &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 Reading Comprehension of 2nd year BS IT students of Cavite State University Post-test Scores Missing Letters (treatment) Pre-test Scores